characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

Agriculture in Ethiopia | Infomineo The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. Merkebu Getachew. Of an estimated 750,000 hectares of private commercial farms in operation at the time of the 1975 land proclamation, 67,000 hectares were converted into State Farms that, beginning in 1979, were operated by a new Ministry of State Farms. <i>Objective</i>. Agriculture. After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Moreover, the emperor's inability to implement meaningful land reform perpetuated a system in which aristocrats and the church owned most of the farmland and in which most farmers were tenants who had to provide as much as 50% of their crops as rent. Practically all animals are range-fed. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . Challenges and prospects of agricultural production and productivity - GRIN USA.gov|FOIA|Privacy Program|EEO Policy|Disclaimer|Information Quality Guidelines |Accessibility, Official Website of the International Trade Administration, Comply with U.S. and Foreign Export Regulations. The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). U.S. Department of Commerce Agricultural systems in Ethiopia - ScienceDirect Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. Land ownership is also a complicating factor. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. Agriculture. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. This can be attributed to two factors. The manufacturing sector plays a marginal role in employment generation, exports, output, and inter-sectoral linkages. PDF Characteristics of Agricultural Landscape Features and Local Soil Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the . [7], While efforts are being made to intensify and industrialize the sector, questions arise as to how Ethiopia can develop and expand its livestock population when Ethiopians already struggle to gain access to good soil, grazing land, and water. In the future, the government intends to work with the private sector to develop capacity to process some of these commodities, like fruits and vegetables, in order to add value and capture higher export prices. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. However, opponents of villagization argued that the scheme was disruptive to agricultural production because the government moved many farmers during the planting and harvesting seasons. The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture Ethiopian Highlands - Africa RISING D. espite the countr. Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. ", Table D.2. [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. (2013). Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. As the textile and apparel industry grows, there will likely be more opportunities for U.S. cotton sales. Trade. Following their rise to power, on March 4, 1975, the Derg proclaimed their land reform program. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. This method was widely used in Ethiopia and southern Ethiopia because it is recommended for soils requiring more than one ton of lime per acre and soils with a pH of less than 5.8 [15]. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. Forestland, most of it in the southwestern part of the country, accounted for 4 percent of the total land area, according to the government. The agricultural extension system in Ethiopia: Operational setup By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. Title. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. Households spend an average of 40% of their total food budget on cereals. Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. Both animals have high sales value in urban centers, particularly during holidays such as Easter and New Year's Day. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. [10] This has raised fears of food being exported to more prosperous countries while the local population faces its own shortage. In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. Ethiopia Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. The principal grains in Ethiopia are Teff, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) "Agriculture" (and subsections), updated with latest figures from the CSA. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . PDF Crop Production in Ethiopia: Reginal Patterns and Trends Agriculture. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. Most of these crops are exported to generate foreign exchange. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. Commercial agriculture using the river basins, such as the Awash Basin, is a recent phenomenon. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. The Structure and Performance of the Ethiopian Manufacturing Sector In the same fiscal year, 707,059.29 hectares under cultivation produced 6,169,279.99 quintals of oilseeds, an increase from the previous year of 4,970,839.57 quintals grown on 741,790.98 hectares. ", Tables D.4 D.7. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian 133 8.5.2. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) [7] Despite government efforts, farmers responded less than enthusiastically. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. The agricultural sector is subject to periodic drought, and poor infrastructure constrains the production and marketing of Ethiopia's products. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. Explain The Main Contribution, Potentials, Characteristics, and Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. Brighter Green, 2. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. Factors affecting crop prodution in Ethiopia - Academia.edu In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. Elementor #1090 - [] PORTER GHILLIE A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. [7], Although the issue of land reform was not addressed until the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the government had tried to introduce programs to improve the condition of farmers. Official websites use .gov To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88 . The directorates goal is to increase productivity, employment, technology transfer, and foreign exchange reserves by attracting investors with incentives and favorable land lease terms. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. [7] PDF Ethiopian Cattle Genetic Resource and Unique Characteristics - IJSR According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. With the GOE looking to partially liberalize the wheat import market, local millers are beginning to explore opportunities to import wheat directly. The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture.
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