These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. Has something like this ever happened to you? For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. How does hypnosis work? In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Sore throat. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. How the brain's internal states affect decision-making Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. Disorganized Thinking. The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Treatment. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. Chapter 5: Indoor Air Pollutants and Toxic Materials As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? Homeostasis (article) | Human body systems | Khan Academy Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. Causes. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. PSY-352 Topic 2 Quiz 1 Online - GetMyAnswers.com Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. c++ - What is internal state? - Stack Overflow This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. What Is Inflammation? Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007).